A database machines or back end processor is a computer or special hardware that stores and retrieves data from a. It is specially designed for database access and is coupled to the main () computer(s) by a high-speed channel. The database machine is tightly coupled to the main, whereas the database server is loosely coupled via the network. Database machines can transfer large packets of data to the mainframe using hundreds to thousands of microprocessors with database software. The front end processor receives the data and displays it. The back end processor on the other hand analyzes and stores the data from the front end processor. D & B Machine is a contract manufacturer of precision machined components. Technologically equipped to manufacture any unique machine part your business may require. DB Machine sales is loaded with Top noch, functional sharepening machines with the a fraction of the poriginal price that allow users to focus on theire work instead. Db Machine Sales in Vancouver, WA -- Map, Phone Number, Reviews, Photos and Video Profile for Vancouver WA Db Machine Sales. Db Machine Sales appears in: Machine Tool Dealers. Back end processors result in higher performance, increasing host main memory, increasing database recovery and security, and decrease of cost to manufacture. The database machine contrasts with a, which is a computer in a that holds a database. According to Julie A. McCann, 'Currently a DBMS controls the organisation, storage and retrieval of data whilst regulating the security and integrity of the database, it accepts requests for data from the application programs and instructs the operating system (OS) to transfer the appropriate data.' An example is the. If the DB machine within a deployment was HostA and several Technology Packs were installed before the DB machine was changed to be HostB after which more packs were installed, the Detailed Version Report will list the newly installed packs on the correct host machine (HostB), but it will continue to indicate that the DB itself and the originally installed packs are present on HostA that is no longer a part of the deployment. When a situation like this occurs, no commands exist by which to fix the Detailed Version Report and make it show that no 'HostA' exists anymore within this deployment. Below is an excerpt from a Detailed Version Report that illustrates this problem. 9 Using Metric Extensions Metric extensions provide you with the ability to extend Oracle's monitoring capabilities to monitor conditions specific to your IT environment. This provides you with a comprehensive view of your environment. Furthermore, metric extensions allow you to simplify your IT organization's operational processes by leveraging Enterprise Manager as the single central monitoring tool for your entire datacenter instead of relying on other monitoring tools to provide this supplementary monitoring. This chapter covers the following: • • • • • •. 9.1 What are Metric Extensions? Metric extensions allow you to create metrics on any target type. Unlike user-defined metrics (used to extend monitoring in previous Enterprise Manager releases), metric extensions allow you to create full-fledged metrics for a multitude of target types, such as: • Hosts • Databases • Fusion Applications • IBM Websphere • Oracle Exadata databases and storage servers • Siebel components • Oracle Business Intelligence components You manage metric extensions from the Metric Extensions page. This page lists all metric extensions in addition to allowing you to create, edit, import/export, and deploy metric extensions. The cornerstone of the metric extension is the Oracle Integration Adapter. Adapters provide a means to gather data about targets using specific protocols. Adapter availability depends on the target type your metric extension monitors. How Do Metric Extensions Differ from User-defined Metrics? In previous releases of Enterprise Manager, user-defined metrics were used to extend monitoring capability in a limited fashion: user-defined metrics could be used to collect point values through execution of OS scripts and a somewhat more complex set of values (one per object) through SQL. Unlike metric extensions, user-defined metrics have several limitations: • Limited Integration: If the OS or SQL user-defined metric executed custom scripts, or required atonal dependent files, the user needed to manually transfer these files to the target's file system. • Limited Application of Query Protocols: OS user-defined metrics cannot model child objects of servers by returning multiple rows from a metric (this capability only exists for SQL user-defined metrics). • Limited Data Collection: Full-fledged Enterprise Manager metrics can collect multiple pieces of data with a single query and reflect the associated data in alert context. However, in the case of user-defined metrics, multiple pieces of data must be collected by creating multiple user-defined metrics. Because the data is being collected separately, it is not possible to refer to the associated data when alerts are generated. • Limited Query Protocols: User-defined metrics can only use the 'OS' and 'SQL' protocols, unlike metric extensions which can use additional protocols such as SNMP and JMX. • Limited Target Application: User-defined metrics only allow OS user-defined metrics against host targets and SQL user-defined metrics against database targets. No other target types are permitted. If, for example, you want to deploy a user-defined metric against WebLogic instances in your environment, you will not be able to do so since it is neither a host or database target type. Most importantly, the primary difference between metric extensions and user-defined metrics is that, unlike user-defined metrics, metric extensions are full-fledged metrics similar to Enterprise Manager out-of-box metrics. They are handled and exposed in all Enterprise Manager monitoring features as any Enterprise Manager-provided metric and will automatically apply to any new features introduced. 9.2 Metric Extension Lifecycle Developing a metric extension involves the same three phases you would expect from any programmatic customization: • Developing Your Metric Extension • Testing Your Metric Extension • Deploying and Publishing Your Metric Extension Developing Your Metric Extension The first step is to define your monitoring requirements. This includes deciding the target type, what data needs to be collected, what mechanism (adapter) can be used to collect that data, and if elevated credentials are required. After making these decisions, you are ready to begin developing your metric extension. Enterprise Manager provides an intuitive user interface to guide you through the creation process. The metric extension wizard allows you to develop and refine your metric extension in a completely editable format. And more importantly, allows you to interactively test your metric extension against selected targets without having first to deploy the extension to a dedicated test environment. The Test page allows you to run real-time metric evaluations to ensure there are no syntactical errors in your script or metric extension definition. When you have completed working on your metric extension, you can click Finish to exit the wizard. The newly created metric extension appears in the Metric Extension Library where it can be accessed for further editing or saved as a deployable draft that can be tested against multiple targets. Note: You can edit a metric extension only if its status is editable. Once it is saved as a deployable draft, you must create a new version to implement further edits. Testing Your Metric Extension Once your metric extension returns the expected data during real-time target testing, you are ready to test its robustness and actual behavior in Enterprise Manager by deploying it against targets and start collecting data. At this point, the metric extension is still private (only the developer can deploy to targets), but is identical to Oracle out-of-box metrics behavior wise. This step involves selecting your editable metric extension in the library and generating a deployable draft. You can now deploy the metric extension to actual targets by going through the ”Deploy To Targets” action. After target deployment, you can review the metric data returned and test alert notifications. As mentioned previously, you will not be able to edit the metric extension once a deployable draft is created: You must create a new version of the metric extension. Deploying Your Metric Extension After rigorous testing through multiple metric extension versions and target deployments, your metric extension is ready for deployment to your production environment. Until this point, your metric extension is only viewable by you, the metric extension creator. To make it accessible to all Enterprise Manager administrators, it must be published. Now that your metric extension has been made public, your metric extension can be deployed to intended production targets. If you are monitoring a small number of targets, you can select the Deploy To Targets menu option and add targets one at a time. For large numbers of targets, you deploy metric extensions to targets using monitoring templates. An extension is added to a monitoring template in the same way a full-fledged metric is added. The monitoring template is then deployed to the targets. 9.3.1 Administrator Privilege Requirements In order to create, edit, view, deploy or undeploy metric extensions, you must have the requisite administrator privileges. Enterprise Manager administrators must have the following privileges: • Create Metric Extension: System level access that: Lets administrators view and deploy metric extensions Allows administrators to edit and delete extensions. • Edit Metric Extension: Lets users with 'Create Metric Extension' privilege edit and create next versions of a particular metric extensions. The metric extension creator has this privilege by default. This privilege must be granted on a per-metric extension basis. • Full Metric Extension: Allows users with 'Create Metric Extension' privilege to edit and create new versions of a particular metric extension. • Manage Metrics: Lets users deploy and un-deploy extensions on targets Note: The Manage Metrics privilege must be granted on a per-target basis. 9.3.2 Granting Create Metric Extension Privilege To grant create metric extension privileges to another administrator: • From the Setup menu, select Security, then select Administrators. • Choose the Administrator you would like to grant the privilege to. • Click Edit. • Go to the Resource Privileges tab, and click Manage Privilege Grants for the Metric Extension resource type. • Under Resource Type Privileges, click the Create Metric Extension check box. • Click Continue, review changes, and click Finish in the Review tab. 9.3.3 Managing Administrator Privileges Before an Enterprise Manager administrator can edit or delete a metric extension created by another administrator, that administrator must have been granted requisite access privileges. Edit privilege allows editing and creating next versions of the extension. Full privilege allows the above operations and deletion of the extension. To grant edit/full access to an existing metric extension to another administrator: • From the Setup menu, select Security, then select Administrators. • Choose the Administrator you would like to grant access to. • Click Edit. • Go to Resource Privileges and click Manage Privilege Grants (pencil icon) for the Metric Extensions resource type. • Under Resource Privileges, you can search for and add existing metric extensions. Add the metric extensions you would like to grant privileges to. This allows the user to edit and create next versions of the metric extension. On this page, you can also grant an administrator the Create Metric Extension privilege, which will allow them to manage metric extension access. See for more information. • If you would additionally like to allow delete operations, then click the pencil icon in the Manage Resource Privilege Grants column, and select Full Metric Extension privilege in the page that shows up. • Click Continue, review changes, and click Finish in the review tab. 9.3.4.1 Granting Full/Edit Privileges on a Metric Extension As metric extension owner or Super Administrator, perform the following actions to assign full/edit privileges on a metric extension to another administrator: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • Choose a metric extension requiring update. • From the Actions menu, select Manage Access. The administrator selection dialog box appears. You can filter the list by administrator, role, or both. • Choose one or more administrators/roles from the list. • Click Select. The chosen administrators/roles appear in the access list. In the Privilege column, Edit is set by default. Choose Full from the drop-down menu to assign Full privileges on the metric extension. Edit Privilege: Allows an administrator to make changes to the metric extension but not delete it. Full Privilege: Allows an administrator to edit and also delete the metric extension. The privilege granted to a user or role applies to all versions of the metric extension. 9.3.4.2 Revoking Access Privileges on a Metric Extension As metric extension owner or Super Administrator, perform the following actions to revoke metric extension privileges assigned to another administrator: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • Choose a metric extension requiring update. • From the Actions menu, select Manage Access. • Choose one or more administrators/roles from the list. • Click Remove. The chosen administrators/roles is deleted from the access list. Enterprise Manager allows metric extension ownership to be transferred from the current owner of the metric extension to another administrator as long as that administrator has been granted the Create Metric Extension privilege. Note: The Enterprise Manager Super Administrator has full managerial access to all metric extensions (view, edit, and ownership transfer). As mentioned above, manage access is only enabled for the owner of the extension or an Enterprise Manager Super User. Once the ownership is transferred, the previous owner does not have any management privileges on the metric extension unless explicitly granted before ownership transfer. The Change Owner option is only available to users and not roles. Manage access allows the metric extension owner or Super Administrator to grant other Enterprise Manager users or roles the ability to edit, modify, or delete metric extensions. Note: The Enterprise Manager Super Administrator has full managerial access to all metric extensions (view, edit, and ownership transfer). As mentioned above, manage access is only enabled for the owner of the extension or an Enterprise Manager Super User. Once the ownership is transferred, the previous owner does not have any management privileges on the metric extension unless explicitly granted before ownership transfer. The Change Owner option is only available to users and not roles. Manage access allows the metric extension owner or Super Administrator to grant other Enterprise Manager users or roles the ability to edit, modify, or delete metric extensions. 9.3.5 Creating a New Metric Extension To create a new metric extension: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • From the Create menu, select Metric Extension. Enterprise Manager will determine whether you have the Create Extension privilege and guide you through the creation process. • Decide on a metric extension name. Be aware that the name (and Display Name) must be unique across a target type. • Enter the general parameters. The selected Adapter type defines the properties you must specify in the next step of the metric extension wizard. The following adapter types are available: • OS Command Adapter - Single Column Executes the specified OS command and returns the command output as a single value. The metric result is a 1 row, 1 column table. • OS Command Adapter- Multiple Values Executes the specified OS command and returns each command output line as a separate value. The metric result is a multi-row, 1 column table. • OS Command Adapter - Multiple Columns Executes the specified OS command and parses each command output line (delimited by a user-specified string) into multiple values. The metric result is a mult-row, multi-column table. • SQL Adapter Executes custom SQL queries or function calls against single instance databases and instances on Real Application Clusters (RAC). • SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Adapter Allow Enterprise Manager Management Agents to query SNMP agents for Management Information Base (MIB) variable information to be used as metric data. • JMX (Java Management Extensions) Adapter Retrieves JMX attributes from JMX-enabled servers and returns these attributes as a metric table. Refer to the Adapters section for specific information on the selected adapter needed in the Adapter page (step 2) of the wizard. Note: Be aware that if you change the metric extension Adapter, all your previous adapter properties (in Step 2) will be cleared. Collection Schedule You defined the frequency with which metric data is collected and how it is used (Alerting Only or Alerting and Historical Trending) by specifying collection schedule properties. Depending on the target type selected, an Advanced option region may appear. This region may (depending on the selected target type) contain one or two options that determine whether metric data continues to be collected under certain target availability/alert conditions. The options are: • Option 1: Continue metric data collection even if the target is down. This option is visible for all target types except for Host target types as it is not possible to collect metric data when the host is down. • Option 2: Continue metric data collection when an alert severity is raised for a specific target metric. This metric is defined in such a way (AltSkipCondition element is defined on this metric) that when a severity is generated on this metric, the metric collections for other target metrics are stopped. The explanatory text above the checkbox for this option varies depending on the selected target type. The Management Agent has logic to skip evaluation of metrics for targets that are known to be down to reduce generation of metric errors due to connection failures. If the AltSkipCondition element is defined for that target metric, other metrics are skipped whenever there is an error in evaluating the Response metric or there is a non-clear severity on the Response:Status metric. There are two situations where a metric collection will be skipped or not happen: • When a target is down (option 1). This is same as the Severity on Response/Status metric. • When a target is UP, but there is a severity on any other metric. Such conditions are called Alt Skip (Alternate Skip) conditions. Option 2 is only visible if an AltSkipCondition defined for one of the target's metrics. For example, this option will not be visible if the selected target type is Oracle Weblogic Domain, but will be visible if the selected target type is Database Instance. The following graphic shows the Advanced collection schedule options. • From the Columns page, add metric columns defining the data returned from the adapter. Note that the column order should match the order with which the adapter returns the data. • Column Type A column is either a Key column, or Data column. A Key column uniquely identifies a row in the table. For example, employee ID is a unique identifier of a table of employees. A Data column is any non-unique data in a row. For example, the first and last names of an employee. You can also create rate and delta metric columns based on an existing data column. See Rate and Delta Metric Columns below. • Value Type A value type is Number or String. This determines the alert comparison operators that are available, and how Enterprise Manager renders collection data for this metric column. • Alert Thresholds The Comparison Operation, Warning, and Critical fields define an alert threshold. • Alert Thresholds By Key The Comparison Operation, Warning Thresholds By Key, and Critical Thresholds By Key fields allow you to specify distinct alert thresholds for different rows in a table. This option becomes available if there are any Key columns defined. For example, if your metric is monitoring CPU Usage, you can specify a different alert threshold for each distinct CPU. The syntax is to specify the key column values in a comma separated list, the '=' symbol, followed by the alert threshold. Multiple thresholds for different rows can be separated by the semi-colon symbol ';'. For example, if the key columns of the CPU Usage metric are cpu_id and core_id, and you want to add a warning threshold of 50% for procecessor1, core1, and a threshold of 60% for processor2, core2, you would specify: procecessor1,core1=50;processor2,core2=60 • Manually Clearable Alert. Note: You must expand the Advanced region in order to view the Manually Clearable Alert option. If this option is set to true, then the alert will not automatically clear when the alert threshold is no longer satisfied. For example, if your metric is counting the number of errors in the system log files, and you set an alert threshold of 50, if an alert is raised once the threshold is met, the alert will not automatically clear once the error count falls back below 50. The alert will need to be manually cleared in the Alerts UI in the target home page or Incident Manager. • Number of Occurrences Before Alert The number of consecutive metric collections where the alert threshold is met, before an alert is raised. • Alert Message / Clear Message The message that is sent when the alert is raised / cleared. Variables that are available for use are:%columnName%,%keyValue%,%value%,%warning_threshold%,%critical_threshold% You can also retrieve the value of another column by surrounding the desired column name with '%'. For example, if you are creating an alert for the cpu_usage column, you can get the value of the core_temperature column by using%core_temperature%. Note that the same alert / clear message is used for warning or critical alerts. Note: Think carefully and make sure all Key columns are added, because you cannot create additional Key columns in newer versions of the metric extension. Once you click Save As Deployable Draft, the Key columns are final (edits to column display name, alert thresholds are still allowed). You can still add new Data columns in newer versions. Also be aware that some properties of existing Data columns cannot be changed later, including Column Type, Value Type, Comparison Operator (you can add a new operator, but not change an existing operator), and Manually Clearable Alert. • Metric Category The metric category this column belongs to. Rate and Delta Metric Columns You can create additional metric columns based on an existing data column that measures the rate at which data changes or the difference in value (delta) since the last metric collection. The rate/delta metric definition will be allowed when a metric's collection frequency is periodic. For example, collected every 10 minutes. Converseley, a metric that is computed every Monday and Tuesday only cannot have a rate/delta metric as data sampling is too infrequent. After at least one data column has been created, three additional options appear in the Add menu as shown in the following graphic. • Add Delta metric columns based on another metric column Example: You want to know the difference in the table space used since the last collection. Delta Calculation: current metric value - previous metric value • Add Rate Per Minute metric column based on another metric column Example: You want to know the average table space usage per minute based on the table space column metric which is collected every 1 hr. Rate Per Minute Calculation: (current metric value - previous metric value)/ collection schedule where the collection schedule is in minutes. • Add Rate Per Five Minutes metric column based on another metric column Example: You want to know the average table space usage every five minutes based on the table space column which is collected say every 1 hour] Rate Per Five Minute Calculation: [(current metric value - previous metric value)/ collection schedule ] * 5 where the collection schedule is in minutes. To create a rate/delta metric column, click on an existing data column in the table and then select one of the rate/delta column options from the Add menu. • From the Credentials page, you can override the default monitoring credentials by using custom monitoring credential sets. By default, the metric extension wizard chooses the existing credentials used by Oracle out-of-box metrics for the particular target type. For example, metric extensions will use the dbsnmp user for database targets. You have the option to override the default credentials, by creating a custom monitoring credential set through the 'emcli create_credential_set' command. Refer to the for additional details. Some adapters may use additional credentials, refer to the Adapters section for specific information. • From the Test page, add available test targets. • Click Run Test to validate the metric extension. The extension is deployed to the test targets specified by the user and a real-time collection is executed. Afterwards, the metric extension is automatically undeployed. The results and any errors are added to the Test Results region. • Repeat the edit /test cycle until the metric extension returns data as expected. • Click Finish. 9.3.6 Creating a New Metric Extension (Create Like) To create a new metric extension based on an existing metric extension: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • From the Metric Extensions page, determine which extensions are accessible. The page displays the list of metric extensions along with target type, owner, production version and deployment information. • Select an existing metric extension. • From the Actions menu, select Create Like. Enterprise Manager will determine whether you have the Create Extension privilege and guide you through the creation process. • Make desired modifications. • From the Test page, add available test targets. • Click Run Test to validate the metric extension. The extension is deployed to the test targets specified by the user and a real-time collection is executed. Afterwards, the metric extension is automatically undeployed. The results and any errors are added to the Test Results region. • Repeat the edit /test cycle until the metric extension returns data as expected. • Click Finish. 9.3.7 Editing a Metric Extension Before editing an existing metric extension, you must have Edit privileges on the extension you are editing or be the extension creator. Note: Once a metric extension is saved as a deployable draft, it cannot be edited, you can only create a new version. To edit an existing metric extension: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • From the Metric Extensions page, determine which extensions are accessible. The page displays the list of metric extensions along with target type, owner, production version and deployment information. • Select the metric extension to be edited. • From the Actions menu, select Edit. • Update the metric extension as needed. • From the Test page, add available test targets. • Click Run Test to validate the metric extension. The extension is deployed to the test targets specified by the user and a real-time collection is executed. Afterwards, the metric extension is automatically undeployed. The results and any errors are added to the Test Results region. • Repeat the edit /test cycle until the metric extension returns data as expected. • Click Finish. 9.3.8 Creating the Next Version of an Existing Metric Extension Before creating the next version of an existing metric extension, you must have Edit privileges on the extension you are versioning or be the extension creator. To create next version of an existing metric extension: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • From the Metric Extensions page, determine which extensions are accessible. The page displays the list of metric extensions along with target type, owner, production version and deployment information. • Select the metric extension to be versioned. • From the Actions menu, select Create Next Version. • Update the metric extension as needed. The target type, and extension name cannot be edited, but all other general properties can be modified. There are also restrictions on metric columns modifications. See Note in Creating a New Metric Extension section for more details. • From the Test page, add available test targets. • Click Run Test to validate the metric extension. The extension is deployed to the test targets specified by the user and a real-time collection is executed. Afterwards, the metric extension is automatically undeployed. The results and any errors are added to the Test Results region. • Repeat the edit /test cycle until the metric extension returns data as expected. • Click Finish. 9.3.9 Importing a Metric Extension Metric extensions can be converted to portable, self-contained packages that allow you to move the metric extension to other Enterprise Manager installations, or for storage/backup. These packages are called Metric Extension Archives (MEA) files. MEA files are zip files containing all components that make up the metric extension: metric metadata, collections, and associated scripts/jar files. Each MEA file can contain only one metric extension. To add the metric extension back to your Enterprise Manager installation, you must import the metric extension from the MEA. To import a metric extension from an MEA file: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • Click Import. • Browse to file location, and select the MEA file. Enterprise Manager checks if the target type and metric extension name combination is already used in the system. If not, the system will create a new metric extension. If the extension name is already in use, the system will attempt to create a new version of the existing extension using the MEA contents. This will require the MEA to contain a superset of all the existing metric extension's metric columns. You also have the option to rename the metric extension. • Clicking on OK creates the new metric extension or the new version of an existing metric extension. • From the Actions menu, select Edit to verify the entries. • From the Test page, add available test targets. • Click Run Test to validate the metric extension. The extension is deployed to the test targets specified by the user and a real-time collection is executed. Afterwards, the metric extension is automatically undeployed. The results and any errors are added to the Test Results region. • Repeat the edit /test cycle until the metric extension returns data as expected. • Click Finish. 9.3.10 Exporting a Metric Extension Existing metric extensions can be package as self-contained zip files (exported) for portability and/or backup and storage. To export an existing metric extension: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • From the Metric Extensions page, determine which extensions are accessible. The page displays the list of metric extensions along with target type, owner, production version and deployment information. • Select the metric extension to be exported. • From the Actions menu, select Export. Enterprise Manager prompts you to enter the name and location of the MEA file that is to be created. • Enter the name and location of the package. Enterprise Manager displays the confirmation page after the export is complete. Note: You can only export Production, Deployable Draft and Published metric extension versions. • Confirm the export file is downloaded. 9.3.11 Deleting a Metric Extension Initiating the deletion of a metric extension is simple. However, the actual deletion triggers a cascade of activity by Enterprise Manager to completely purge the metric extension from the system. This includes closing open metric alerts, and purging collected metric data (if the latest metric extension version is deleted). Before a metric extension version can be deleted, it must be undeployed from all targets, and removed from all monitoring templates (including templates in pending apply status). To delete a metric extension: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • From the Metric Extensions page, determine which extensions are accessible. The page displays the list of metric extensions along with target type, owner, production version and deployment information. • Select the metric extension that is to be deleted. • From the Actions menu, select Delete. Enterprise Manager prompts you to confirm the deletion. • Confirm the deletion. 9.3.12 Deploying Metric Extensions to a Group of Targets A metric extension must be deployed to a target in order for it to begin collecting data. To deploy a metric extension to one or more targets: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • From the Metric Extensions page, determine which extensions are accessible. The page displays the list of metric extensions along with target type, owner, production version and deployment information. • Select the metric extension that is to be deployed. • From the Actions menu, select Manage Target Deployments. The Manage Target Deployments page appears showing you on which target(s) the selected metric extension is already deployed. • Return to the Metric Extensions page. • Select the metric extension. • From the Actions menu, select Deploy to Targets. Enterprise Manager determines whether you have 'Manage Target Metrics' privilege, and only those targets where you do show up in the target selector. • Add the targets where the metric extension is to be deployed and click Submit. Enterprise Manager submits a job deploying the metric extension to each of the targets. A single job is submitted per deployment request. • You are automatically redirected to the Pending Operations page, which shows a list of currently scheduled, executing, or failed metric extension deploy operations. Once the deploy operation completes, the entry is removed from the pending operations table. 9.3.13 Creating an Incident Rule to Send Email from Metric Extensions One of the most common tasks administrators want Enterprise Manager to perform is to send an email notification when a metric alert condition occurs. Specifically, Enterprise Manager monitors for alert conditions defined as incidents. For a given incident you create an incident rule set to tell Enterprise Manager what actions to take when an incident occurs. In this case, when an incident consisting of an alert condition defined by a metric extension occurs, you need to create an incident rule to send email to administrators. For instructions on sending email for metric alerts, see. For information incident management see. 9.3.14 Updating Older Versions of Metric Extensions Already deployed to a Group of Targets When a newer metric extension version is published, you may want to update any older deployed instances of the metric extension. To update old versions of the metric extension already deployed to targets: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • From the Metric Extensions page, determine which extensions are accessible. The page displays the list of metric extensions along with target type, owner, production version and deployment information. • Select the metric extension to be upgraded. • From the Actions menu, select Manage Target Deployments. The Manage Target Deployments page appears showing a list of targets where the metric extension is already deployed. • Select the list of targets where the extension is to be upgraded and click Upgrade. Enterprise Manager submits a job for the deployment of the newest Published metric extension to the selected targets. A single job is submitted per deployment request. • You are automatically redirected to the Pending Operations page, which shows a list of currently scheduled, executing, or failed metric extension deploy operations. Once the deploy operation completes, the entry is removed from the pending operations table. 9.3.15 Creating Repository-side Metric Extensions Beginning with Enterprise Manager Release 12.1.0.4, you can create repository-side metric extensions. This type of metric extension allows you to use SQL scripts to extract information directly from the Enterprise Manager repository and raise alerts for the target against which the repository-side extension is run. For example, you can use repository-side metric extensions to raise an alert if the total number of alerts for a host target is greater than 5. Or perhaps, raise an alert if the CPU utilization on that host is greater than 95% AND the number of process running on that host is greater than 500. Repository-side metrics allows you to monitor your Enterprise Manager infrastructure with greater flexibility. To create a repository-side metric: • From the Enterprise menu, select Monitoring, then select Metric Extensions. • From the Create menu, select Repository-side Metric Extension. Enterprise Manager will determine whether you have the Create Extension privilege and guide you through the creation process. • Decide on a target type and metric extension name. Be aware that the name (and Display Name) must be unique across a target type. • Enter the general parameters. Collection Schedule You defined the frequency with which metric data is collected and how it is used (Alerting Only or Alerting and Historical Trending) by specifying collection schedule properties. • Create the SQL query to be run against the Enterprise Manager Repository. Explicit instructions for developing the query as well as examples are provide on the SQL Query page. Click Validate SQL to test the query. If you already have a SQL script, you can click Upload to load the SQL from an external file. • From the Columns page, you can view/edit columns returned by the SQL query. You may edit the columns, however, you cannot add or delete columns from this page. • Column Type A column is either a Key column, or Data column. A Key column uniquely identifies a row in the table. For example, employee ID is a unique identifier of a table of employees. A Data column is any non-unique data in a row. For example, the first and last names of an employee. You can also create rate and delta metric columns based on an existing data column. See Rate and Delta Metric Columns below. • Value Type A value type is Number or String. This determines the alert comparison operators that are available, and how Enterprise Manager renders collection data for this metric column. • Alert Thresholds The Comparison Operation, Warning, and Critical fields define an alert threshold. • Alert Thresholds By Key The Comparison Operation, Warning Thresholds By Key, and Critical Thresholds By Key fields allow you to specify distinct alert thresholds for different rows in a table. This option becomes available if there are any Key columns defined. For example, if your metric is monitoring CPU Usage, you can specify a different alert threshold for each distinct CPU. The syntax is to specify the key column values in a comma separated list, the '=' symbol, followed by the alert threshold. Multiple thresholds for different rows can be separated by the semi-colon symbol ';'. For example, if the key columns of the CPU Usage metric are cpu_id and core_id, and you want to add a warning threshold of 50% for procecessor1, core1, and a threshold of 60% for processor2, core2, you would specify: procecessor1,core1=50;processor2,core2=60 • Manually Clearable Alert. Note: You must expand the Advanced region in order to view the Manually Clearable Alert option. If this option is set to true, then the alert will not automatically clear when the alert threshold is no longer satisfied. For example, if your metric is counting the number of errors in the system log files, and you set an alert threshold of 50, if an alert is raised once the threshold is met, the alert will not automatically clear once the error count falls back below 50. The alert will need to be manually cleared in the Alerts UI in the target home page or Incident Manager. • Number of Occurrences Before Alert The number of consecutive metric collections where the alert threshold is met, before an alert is raised. • Alert Message / Clear Message The message that is sent when the alert is raised / cleared. Variables that are available for use are:%columnName%,%keyValue%,%value%,%warning_threshold%,%critical_threshold% You can also retrieve the value of another column by surrounding the desired column name with '%'. For example, if you are creating an alert for the cpu_usage column, you can get the value of the core_temperature column by using%core_temperature%. Note that the same alert / clear message is used for warning or critical alerts. Note: Think carefully and make sure all Key columns are added, because you cannot create additional Key columns in newer versions of the metric extension. Once you click Save As Deployable Draft, the Key columns are final (edits to column display name, alert thresholds are still allowed). You can still add new Data columns in newer versions. Also be aware that some properties of existing Data columns cannot be changed later, including Column Type, Value Type, Comparison Operator (you can add a new operator, but not change an existing operator), and Manually Clearable Alert. • Metric Category The metric category this column belongs to. • Add Delta metric columns based on another metric column Example: You want to know the difference in the table space used since the last collection. Delta Calculation: current metric value - previous metric value • Add Rate Per Minute metric column based on another metric column Example: You want to know the average table space usage per minute based on the table space column metric which is collected every 1 hr. Rate Per Minute Calculation: (current metric value - previous metric value)/ collection schedule where the collection schedule is in minutes. • Add Rate Per Five Minutes metric column based on another metric column Example: You want to know the average table space usage every five minutes based on the table space column which is collected say every 1 hour] Rate Per Five Minute Calculation: [(current metric value - previous metric value)/ collection schedule ] * 5 where the collection schedule is in minutes. To create a rate/delta metric column, click on an existing data column in the table and then select one of the rate/delta column options from the Add menu. • From the Test page, add available test targets. • Click Run Test to validate the metric extension. The extension is deployed to the test targets specified by the user and a real-time collection is executed. Afterwards, the metric extension is automatically undeployed. The results and any errors are added to the Test Results region. • Repeat the edit /test cycle until the metric extension returns data as expected. • Click Finish. 9.4 Adapters Oracle Integration Adapters provide comprehensive, easy-to-use monitoring connectivity with a variety of target types. The adapter enables communication with an enterprise application and translates the application data to standards-compliant XML and back. The metric extension target type determines which adapters are made available from the UI. For example, when creating a metric extension for an Automatic Storage Management target type, only three adapters (OS Command-Single Column, OS Command-Multiple Columns, and SQL) are available from the UI. A target type's out-of-box metric definition defines the adapters for which it has native support, and only those adapters will be shown in the UI. No other adapters are supported for that target type. A complete list of all adapters is shown below. 9.4.2 OS Command Adapter- Multiple Values Executes the specified OS command and returns each command output line as a separate value. The metric result is a multi-row, 1 column table. For example, if the command output is: em_result=out_x em_result=out_y then three columns are populated with values 1,2,3 respectively. Basic Properties • Command - The command to execute. For example,%perlBin%/perl. • Script - A script to pass to the command. For example,%scriptsDir%/myscript.pl. You can upload custom files to the agent, which will be accessible under the%scriptsDir% directory. • Arguments - Additional arguments to be appended to the Command. • Starts With - The starting string of metric result lines. Example: If the command output is: em_result=4354 update test setting Starts With = em_result specifies that only lines starting with em_result will be parsed. Advanced Properties • Input Properties - Additional properties to be passed to the command through its standard input stream. For example, you can add Input Property: Name=targetName, Value=%NAME%, which the command can read through its standard input stream as 'STDINtargetName='. See usage examples in OS Command Adapter - Single Columns. • Environment Variables - Additional properties can be accessible to the command from environment variables. For example, you can add Environment Variable: Name=targetType, Value='%TYPE%', and the command can access the target type from environment variable 'ENVtargetType'. See usage examples in OS Command Adapter - Single Columns. Credentials • Host Credentials - The credential used to launch the OS Command. See usage examples in OS Command Adapter - Single Columns. • Input Credentials - Additional credentials passed to the OS Command's standard input stream. See usage examples in OS Command Adapter - Single Columns. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Basic Properties The complete command line will be constructed as: Command + Script + Arguments • Command - The command to execute. For example,%perlBin%/perl. • Script - A script to pass to the command. For example,%scriptsDir%/myscript.pl. You can upload custom files to the agent, which will be accessible under the%scriptsDir% directory. • Arguments - Additional arguments. • Delimiter - The string used to delimit the command output. • Starts With - The starting string of metric result lines. Example: If the command output is em_result=4354 out_x out_y setting Starts With = em_result specifies that only lines starting with em_result will be parsed. • Input Properties - Additional properties can be passed to the command through its standard input stream. For example, you can add Input Property: Name=targetName, Value=%NAME%, which the command can read through it's standard input stream as STDINtargetName=. To specify multiple Input Properties, enter each property on its own line. • Environment Variables - Additional properties can be accessible to the command from environment variables. For example, you can add Environment Variable: Name=targetType, Value='%TYPE%, and the command can access the target type from environment variable 'ENVtargetType'. Advanced Properties • Input Properties - Additional properties can be passed to the command through its standard input stream. For example, you can add Input Property: Name=targetName, Value=%NAME%, which the command can read through its standard input stream as STDINtargetName=. See usage examples in OS Command Adapter - Single Columns. • Environment Variables - Additional properties can be accessible to the command from environment variables. For example, you can add Environment Variable: Name=targetType, Value='%TYPE%, and the command can access the target type from environment variable 'ENVtargetType'. See usage examples in OS Command Adapter - Single Columns. Credentials • Host Credentials - The credential used to launch the OS Command. See usage examples in OS Command Adapter - Single Columns • Input Credentials - Additional credentials passed to the OS Command's standard input stream. See usage examples in OS Command Adapter - Single Columns. 9.4.4 SQL Adapter Executes custom SQL queries or function calls supported against single instance databases and instances on Real Application Clusters (RAC). Properties • SQL Query - The SQL query to execute. Normal SQL statements should not be semi-colon terminated. For example, SQL Query = 'select a.ename, (select count(*) from emp p where p.mgr=a.empno) directs from emp a'. PL/SQL statements are also supported, and if used, the 'Out Parameter Position' and 'Out Parameter Type' properties should be populated. • SQL Query File - A SQL query file. Note that only one of 'SQL Query' or 'SQL Query File' should be used. For example,%scriptsDir%/myquery.sql. You can upload custom files to the agent, which will be accessible under the%scriptsDir% directory. • Transpose Result - Transpose the SQL query result. • Bind Variables - Declare bind variables used in normal SQL statements here. For example, if the SQL Query = 'select a.ename from emp a where a.mgr =:1', then you can declare the bind variable as Name=1, Value=Bob. • Out Parameter Position - The bind variable used for PL/SQL output. Only integers can be specified. Example: If the SQL Query is DECLARE l_output1 NUMBER; l_output2 NUMBER; BEGIN. OPEN:1 FOR SELECT l_output1, l_output2 FROM dual; END; you can set Out Parameter Position = 1, and Out Parameter Type = SQL_CURSOR • Out Parameter Type - The SQL type of the PL/SQL output parameter. See comment for Out Parameter Position Credentials • Database Credentials - The credential used to connect to the database. Example Overriding default monitoring credentials by creating and using a custom monitoring credential set for database target. Creating host credentials for the database target type: > emcli create_credential_set -set_name=myCustomDBCreds -target_type=oracle_database -auth_target_type=oracle_database -supported_cred_types=DBCreds -monitoring -description='My Custom DB Credentials' When you go to the Credentials page of the Metric Extension wizard, and choose to 'Specify Credential Set' for Database Credentials, you will see 'My Custom DB Credentials' show up as an option in the drop down list. Note that this step only creates the Monitoring Credential Set for the host target type, and you need to set the credentials on each target you plan on deploying this metric extension to. You can set credentials from Enterprise Manager by going to Setup, then selecting Security, then selecting Monitoring Credentials. Alternatively, this can be performed using the Enterprise Manager Command Line Interface. > emcli set_monitoring_credential -target_name=db1 -target_type=oracle_database -set_name=myCustomDBCreds -cred_type=DBCreds -auth_target_type=oracle_database -attributes='DBUserName:myusername;DBPassword:mypassword'. 9.4.5 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Adapter Allow Enterprise Manager Management Agents to query SNMP agents for Management Information Base (MIB) variable information to be used as metric data. Basic Properties • Object Identifiers (OIDs): Object Identifiers uniquely identify managed objects in a MIB hierarchy. One or more OIDs can be specified. The SNMP adapter will collect data for the specified OIDs. For example, 1.3.6.1.4.1.111.4.1.7.1.1 Advanced Properties • Delimiter - The delimiter value used when specifying multiple OID values for an OID's attribute. The default value is space or n or t • Tabular Data - Indicates whether the expected result for a metric will have multiple rows or not. Possible values are TRUE or FALSE. The default value is FALSE • Contains V2 Types - Indicates whether any of the OIDs specified is of SNMPV2 data type. Possible values are TRUE or FALSE. The default value is FALSE. For example, if an OID value specified is of counter64 type, then this attribute will be set to TRUE. 9.4.6 JMX Adapter Retrieves JMX attributes from JMX-enabled servers and returns these attributes as a metric table. Properties • Metric -- The MBean ObjectName or ObjectName pattern whose attributes are to be queried. Since this is specified as metric metadata, it needs to be instance- agnostic. Instance-specific key properties (such as servername) on the MBean ObjectName may need to be replaced with wildcards. • ColumnOrder -- A semi-colon separated list of JMX attributes in the order they need to be presented in the metric. Advanced Properties • IdentityCol -- The MBean key property that needs to be surfaced as a column when it is not available as a JMX attribute. For example: com.myCompany:Name=myName,Dept=deptName, prop1=prop1Val, prop2=prop2Val In this example, setting identityCol as Name;Dept will result in two additional key columns representing Name and Dept besides the columns representing the JMX attributes specified in the columnOrder property. • AutoRowPrefix -- Prefix used for an automatically generated row. Rows are automatically generated in situations where the MBean ObjectName pattern specified in metric property matches multiple MBeans and none of the JMX attributes specified in the columnOrder are unique for each. The autoRowId value specified here will be used as a prefix for the additional key column created. For example, if the metric is defined as: com.myCompany:Type=CustomerOrder,* columnOrder is CustomerName;OrderNumber;DateShipped and assuming CustomerName;OrderNumber;Amount may not be unique if an order is shipped in two parts, setting autoRowId as 'ShipItem-' will populate an additional key column for the metric for each row with ShipItem-0, ShipItem-1, ShipItem-2.ShipItem-n. • Metric Service -- True/False. Indicate whether MetricService is enabled on a target Weblogic domain. This property would be false (unchecked) in most cases for Metric Extensions except when metrics that are exposed via the Oracle DMS MBean needs to be collected. If MetricService is set to true, then the basic property metric becomes the MetricService table name and the basic property columnOrder becomes a semicolon-separated list of column names in the MetricService table. 9.5 Converting User-defined Metrics to Metric Extensions For targets monitored by Enterprise Manager 12c Agents, both older user-defined metrics and metric extensions will be supported. After release 12c, only metric extensions will be supported. If you have existing user-defined metrics, it is recommended that you migrate them to metric extensions as soon as possible to prevent potential monitoring disruptions in your managed environment. Migration of user-defined metric definitions to metric extensions is not automatic and must be initiated by an administrator. The migration process involves migrating user-defined metric metadata to metric extension metadata. Note: Migration of collected user-defined metric historic data is not supported. After the user-defined metric is migrated to the metric extension and the metric extension has been deployed successfully on the target, the user-defined metric should be either disabled or deleted. Disabling the collection of the user-defined metric will retain the metadata definition of the user-defined metric) but will clear all the open alerts, remove the metric errors and prevent further collections of the user-defined metric. Deleting the user-defined metric will delete the metadata, historic data, clear open alerts and remove metric errors. 9.5.1 Overview The User Defined Metric (UDM) to Metric Extension (ME) migration replaces an existing UDM with a new or existing ME. The idea behind the migration process is to consolidate UDMs with the same definition that have been created on different targets into a single ME. In addition, MEs support multiple metric columns, allowing the user to combine multiple related UDMs into a single ME. This migration process is comprised of the following steps: • Identify the UDMs that need to be migrated. • Use the provided EM CLI commands to create or select a compatible metric extension. • Test and publish the metric extension. • Deploy the metric extension to all targets and templates where the original UDMs are located. Also update the existing notification rules to refer to the ME. • Delete the original UDMs. Note that the historical data and alerts from the old UDM is still accessible from the UI, but the new ME will not inherit them. Note that the credentials being used by the UDM are NOT migrated to the newly created ME. The user interface allows a user to specify the credential set required by the metric extension. If the ME does not use the default monitoring credentials, the user will need to create a new credential set to accommodate the necessary credentials through the relevant EM CLI commands. This set will then be available in the credentials page of the metric extension wizard. The migration process is categorized by migration sessions. Each session is responsible for migrating one or more UDMs. The process of migrating an individual session is referred to as a task. Therefore, a session is comprised of one or more tasks. In general terms, the migration involves creating a session and providing the necessary input to complete each tasks within that session. The status of the session and tasks is viewable throughout the workflow. 9.5.2 Commands A number of EM CLI commands are responsible for completing the various steps of this process. For a more detailed explanation of the command definition, please use the 'EM CLI help ' option. • list_unconverted_udms - Lists the UDMs that have yet to be migrated and not in a session • create_udmmig_session - Creates a session to migrate one or more UDMs • udmmig_summary - Lists the migration sessions in progress • udmmig_session_details - Provides the details of a specific session • udmmig_submit_metricpics - Provides a mapping between the UDM and the ME in order to create a new ME or use an existing one • udmmig_retry_deploys - Deploys the ME to the targets where the UDM is present. Note that the ME has to be in a deployable draft or published state for this command to succeed • udmmig_request_udmdelete - Deletes the UDM and completing the migration process Usage Examples The following exercise outlines a simple use case to showcase the migration Consider a system with one host (host1) that has one host UDM (hostudm1) on it. The goal is to create a new ME (me1) that represents the UDM. The sequence of commands would be as follows $ emcli list_unconverted_udms -------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------------- Type| Name| Metric| UDM -------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------------- host| host1|UDM| hostudm1 The command indicates that there is only one UDM that has not been migrated or in the process of migration at this stage. Now proceed with the creation of a session. $ emcli create_udmmig_session -name=migration1 -desc='Convert UDMs for host target' -udm_choice=hostudm1 -target=host:host1 Migration session created - session id is 1 The command creates a migration session with name migration1 and the description 'convert UDMs for host target'. The udm_choice flag indicates the UDM chosen and the target flag describes the target type and the target on which the UDM resides. Migration sessions are identified by session IDs. The current session has an ID of 1. $ emcli udmmig_summary ------+--------------+------------------+------+------+--------+------+-------- ID| Name| Description|#Tgts|Todo|#Tmpls|Todo|IncRules ------+--------------+------------------+------+------+--------+------+-------- 1|migration1|Convert UDMS|| 1/1| 0| -/0| -/0 ------+--------------+------------------+------+------+--------+------+-------- The command summarizes all the migrations sessions currently in progress. The name and description fields identify the session. The remaining columns outline the number of targets, templates and incident rules that contain references to the UDM that is being converted to a metric extension. The 'Todo' columns indicate the number of targets, templates and incident rules whose references to the UDM are yet to be updated. Since a migration session can be completed over a protracted period of time, the command provides an overview of the portion of the session that was been completed. $ emcli list_unconverted_udms There are no unconverted udms Since the UDM is part of a migration session, it no longer shows up in the list of unconverted UDMs.
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Características Principales de Jihosoft File Recovery - Archivos Recuperables: fotos, videos, audios, archivos comprimidos, mensajes de correo electrónico, Word, Excel, Access, así como otros documentos - Memoria de Datos Soportados: disco duro interno del PC, tarjeta SD, disco USB, tarjeta CF, tarjeta xD, cámara digital, HDD, SSD, etc. - Opción 'Escaneo Avanzado' le permite elegir el formato de archivo específico para escanear, para así acortar el tiempo para la exploración. Can encrypt virtual disks. The code is all out there, and well understood. Linux drivers for example exist to use a pass phrase to encrypt block devices. I wonder if that could be integrated into so that all guests running on any host can benefit. One use case for is when using a work laptop for private purposes, say reading email, playing the odd game etc. A good way to do this is to install your favourite OS in a, and to encrypt it in-case of loss or even worse, an audit! This way you avoid the potential problems of installing your own software on a work machine. So, possible? Well, I can think of two scenarios there. • Use the guest encryption support. Unfortunately not all OS's support this option. Certianly it is only the most recent linux distributions that make this easy enough for motals. • Use the host encryption support. Possibly a better plan, but once decrypted it is available for all apps, not just that VM, and it remains accessable long after the VM has shutdown. In my case, it would also mean trusting MS encryption, which I have difficulty with having seen the quality of their latest products. This is why I think that direct VM support would be better. Still, you may dis-agree with my points, or with the general need. C'est la vie. I'd like to support this feature request. Yes you can use a third party FOS cross platform encryption tool, with TrueCrypt being the obvious choice. But it adds complexity for the end user. You have to store your container file somewhere, then mount it to some drive letter (say we're in Windows), then point to a VDI file on it, which requires that you do things in the right order (or, which manages virtual disks centrally and assumes they're always visible) will complain that it cant find it when it's started. And what if you want to store each virtual disk encrypted with it's own password? Then you end up having to use multiple drive letters and things get even more messy. If supported encrypted VDIs out of the box, none of that would apply and, as hard disk encryption is a common need these days, it would have a nice 'sales feature' that is easy to use and, as far as I can recall, none of it's competitors have. If it were me, I'd be tempted to align with TrueCrupt and adopt it's container format in a new revision of the VDI format, allowing TrueCrypt to be called to handle the encryption without having to any encryption stuff itself. I'm unsure why people are so persistent in asking for this feature. Using TrueCrypt (of which I'm being long time user) on host and storing disk image there makes sure that key mgmt, along with secure buffering and features like deniability, are done by software designed exactly for that purpose. Adding simple block-level encryption/decryption is, probably, feasible, but really hard part lies in features mentioned above. After all, feel free to write a patch for encryption feature, although I wouldn't guarantee it will be accepted. When you create an encrypted virtual machine from the vSphere Web Client, all virtual disks are encrypted. You can later add disks and set their encryption policies. You cannot add an encrypted disk to a virtual machine that is not encrypted, and you cannot encrypt a disk if the virtual machine is not encrypted. Encryption for a virtual machine and its disks is controlled through storage policies. The storage policy for VM Home governs the virtual machine itself, and each virtual disk has an associated storage policy. • Setting the storage policy of VM Home to an encryption policy encrypts only the virtual machine itself. • Setting the storage policy of VM Home and all the disks to an encryption policy encrypts all components. Consider the following use cases. Virtual Disk Encryption Use Cases Use case Details Create an encrypted virtual machine. If you add disks while creating an encrypted virtual machine, the disks are encrypted by default. You can change the policy to not encrypt one or more of the disks. After virtual machine creation, you can explicitly change the storage policy for each disk. Encrypt a virtual machine. To encrypt an existing virtual machine, you change its storage policy. You can change the storage policy for the virtual machine and all virtual disks. To encrypt just the virtual machine, you can specify an encryption policy for VM Home and select a different storage policy, such as Datastore Default, for each virtual disk. Add an existing unencrypted disk to an encrypted virtual machine (Encryption storage policy) Fails with an error. You have to add the disk with the default storage policy, but can later change the storage policy. Add an existing unencrypted disk to an encrypted virtual machine with a storage policy that does not include encryption, for example Datastore Default. The disk uses the default storage policy. You can explicitly change the storage policy after adding the disk if you want an encrypted disk. Add an encrypted disk to an encrypted virtual machine. VM Home storage policy is Encryption. When you add the disk, it remains encrypted. The vSphere Web Client displays the size and other attributes, including encryption status but might not display the correct storage policy. For consistency, change the storage policy. Add an existing encrypted disk to an unencrypted virtual machine This use case is not supported. Disk encryption is a technology which protects information by converting it into unreadable code that cannot be deciphered easily by unauthorized people. Disk encryption uses disk encryption software or hardware to encrypt every bit of data that goes on a disk or disk volume. It is used to prevent unauthorized access to. I know in VMware workstation there's the option to encrypt a virtual machine. Is there a free way to do this without VMware workstation? I'm aiming for the fullest encryption and encapsulation possible (so full disk, but it would be nice to have temporary files created when executing the virtual machine encrypted too). The guest operating system would be Windows 7 and most likely Virtual Box would be used, but I'm open to other free alternatives. I was thinking of using TrueCrypt's full disk encryption but TrueCrypt is no long supported. The host operating system (is also) Windows 7. It's not possible to encrypt the whole host machine. You have a few options, and it'd probably be best to do at least the first two: • Encrypt your host operating system's drive using. • When installing your guest operating system, do the same thing inside the guest. • VirtualBox and other VM hosts provide the option to encrypt the virtual drive. All drive contents are encrypted before written to disk. Please note that any VM host, given enough motivation and a little bit of time, can extract the disk encryption passphrase from the guest's memory. If the guest is able to break out of the VM environment and able to read the host's memory, the guest would theoretically be able to get the disk encryption password for the host as well. The important thing is to understand how disk encryption works and what attacks it is designed to mitigate. It's almost always better to encrypt than not to encrypt, but understand why you're encrypting. You can not securely use encrypted virtual machines without full disk encryption on the host. While the virtual machine is running, the host stores memory chunks, log data, configurations, and loads of other files on disk, leaving permanent forensic trail of a live decrypted virtual machine. File and project names will almost certainly be recoverable. If you really have to, you can create a Truecrypt volume (it works fine on all Windows versions) and install VMware in it. The install would work only on the original computer you did the installation on. If you are really paranoid, you can encrypt and external HDD with Truecrypt, and create a hidden partition it with VMware and virtual machines. Don't write too much data in the original drive, as it would destroy the hidden partition, unless that was the intention;). 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Pharaoh's Ascent for Windows by Ambertec, Inc.; Pharaoh's Ascent is an action / puzzle game in an Egyptian tomb setting. It is a platform gam. Fifa 13 arrows solved trend: Arrows, Astral Arrows. Antivirus information We did not scan Pharaoh's Arrows for viruses, adware, spyware or other type of malware. For your own protection it's recommended to have an. System Availability: Windows XP::Windows NT::Windows 9x::Windows Server 2003::Windows 2000 Recent Searches: pharaoh's pictures pharaoh's pictures pharaoh's arrows pharaoh's pictures. Fragment of a New Kingdom wall relief depicting archers with their bows Ancient Egypt was an of eastern, concentrated along the northern reaches of the in. The civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of under the first, and it developed over the next three millennia. Its occurred in a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as intermediate periods. Ancient Egypt reached its pinnacle during the, after which it entered a period of slow decline. Egypt was conquered by a succession of foreign powers in this late period, and the rule of the pharaohs officially ended in 31 BC when the early conquered Egypt and made it. Although the Egyptian military forces in the Old and Middle kingdoms were well maintained, the new form that emerged in the New Kingdom showed the state becoming more organized to serve its needs. For most parts of its long history, ancient Egypt was unified under one government. The main military concern for the nation was to keep enemies out. The arid plains they wanted to get rid of and deserts surrounding Egypt were inhabited by tribes who occasionally tried to raid or settle in the fertile Nile River valley. Nevertheless, the great expanses of the desert formed a barrier that protected the river valley and was almost impossible for massive armies to cross. The Egyptians built fortresses and outposts along the borders east and west of the Nile Delta, in the Eastern Desert, and in Nubia to the south. Small garrisons could prevent minor incursions, but if a large force was detected a message was sent for the main army corps. Most Egyptian cities lacked city walls and other defenses. The history of ancient Egypt is divided into three kingdoms and two intermediate periods. During the three kingdoms Egypt was unified under one government. During the intermediate periods (the periods of time between kingdoms) government control was in the hands of the various nomes (provinces within Egypt) and various foreigners. The geography of Egypt served to isolate the country and allowed it to thrive. This circumstance set the stage for many of Egypt's military conquests. They enfeebled their enemies by using small projectile weapons, like bows and arrows. They also had chariots which they used to charge at the enemy. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) [ ] The was one of the greatest times in Egypt's history. Because of this affluence, it allowed the government to stabilize and in turn organize a functioning military. Before Egypt's New Kingdom, there were four major causes for military conflict: • the from the Sahara to the west, • the from the south, • the and to the north, and • internal conflict when the regions, or, divided from the monarchy to form rival factions. All of the areas outside Egypt were connected in conflict either by raiding parties entering Egypt or Egypt maintaining a policy of eradication imperialism. The Old Kingdom's military was most marked by their construction of forts along the Nile River. At this time, the main conflict was with Nubia (to the south) and Egypt felt the urge to defend their borders by building forts deep into this country. These forts were never actually attacked, but they acted as a deterring factor towards potential invaders. Many are currently underwater in Lake Nasser, but while they were visible they were a true testament to the affluence and military prowess of ancient Egypt during this time. During the Old Kingdom there was no professional army in Egypt; the governor of each (administrative division) had to raise his own volunteer army. Then, all the armies would come together under the to battle. Because military service was not considered prestigious, the army was mostly made up of lower-class men, who could not afford to train in other jobs Old Kingdom soldiers were equipped with many types of weapons, including shields, spears, cudgels,, daggers, and bows and arrows. The most common Egyptian weapon was the bow and arrow. During the Old Kingdom, a single-arched bow was often used. This type of bow was difficult to draw, and there was less draw length. After the was introduced by the, Egyptian soldiers used this weapon, as well. The First Intermediate Period (2181–2055 BC) and Middle Kingdom (2055–1650 BC) [ ]. This section needs expansion. You can help. (July 2017) The pharaoh commanded military campaigns south as far as the Second Cataract in, which had gained its independence during the. He also restored Egyptian hegemony over the Sinai region, which had been lost to Egypt since the end of the Old Kingdom. From the onwards, pharaohs often kept well-trained standing armies, which formed the basis of larger forces raised for defense against invasion. Under the rule of, Egyptian armies built a border fort at and incorporated all of lower Nubia as an Egyptian colony. The Second Intermediate Period (1650–1550 BC) [ ]. The of drove After fled his palace in at the end of the, a Canaanite tribe called the sacked (the Egyptians' capital city) and claimed dominion over Upper and Lower Egypt. After the Hyksos took control, many Egyptians fled to, where they eventually began to oppose the Hyksos rule. The, Asiatics from the Northeast, set up a fortified capital. The Egyptians were trapped at this time; their government had collapsed. They were in the middle of an 'enemy sandwich' between the Hyksos in the north and the Kushite Nubians in the south. This period marked a great change for Egypt's military. The Hyksos have been credited with bringing to Egypt the horse, the Ourarit (), and the composite bow—tools that drastically altered the way Egypt's military functioned. (Some evidence suggests that horses and chariots were present earlier.) The composite bow, which allowed for more accuracy and greater kill distance with arrows, along with horses and chariots eventually assisted the Egyptian military in ousting the Hyksos from Egypt, beginning when became ruler of and opened a struggle that claimed his own life in battle. Seqenenre was succeeded by, who continued to battle the Hyksos, before his brother finally succeeded in driving them out. This marked the beginning of the New Kingdom. The New Kingdom (1550-1069 BC) [ ]. A New Kingdom In the new threats emerged. However, the military contributions of the Hyksos allowed Egypt to defend themselves from these foreign invasions successfully. The Hittites hailed from further northeast than had been previously encountered. They attempted to conquer Egypt, yet were defeated and a peace treaty was made. Also, the mysterious invaded the entire ancient Near East during this time. The Sea Peoples caused many problems, but ultimately the military was strong enough at this time to prevent a collapse of the government. The Egyptians were strongly vested in their infantry, unlike the Hittites who were dependent on their chariots. It is in this way the New Kingdom army was different than its two preceding kingdoms. Old & Middle Kingdom Armies [ ] Before the New Kingdom the Egyptian armies were composed of conscripted peasants and artisans, who would then mass under the banner of the pharaoh. During the and Egyptian armies were very basic. The Egyptian soldiers carried a simple armament consisting of a spear with a copper spearhead and a large wooden shield covered by leather hides. A stone mace was also carried in the Archaic period, though later this weapon was probably only in ceremonial use, and was replaced with the bronze battle axe. The spearmen were supported by archers carrying a simple curved bow and arrows with arrowheads made of flint or copper. No armor was used during the 3rd and early 2nd Millennium BC. Foreigners were also incorporated into the army, Nubians (), entered Egyptian armies as mercenaries and formed the best archery units. New Kingdom Armies [ ] The major advance in weapons technology and warfare began around 1600 BC when the Egyptians fought and finally defeated the people who had made themselves lords of Lower Egypt. It was during this period the horse and were introduced into Egypt, which the Egyptians had no answer to until they introduced their own version of the war chariot at the beginning of the. The Egyptians then improved the design of the chariot to suit their own requirements. That made the Egyptian chariots lighter and faster than those of other major powers in the Middle East. Egyptian war chariots were manned by a driver holding a whip and the reins and a fighter, generally wielding a or, after spending all his arrows, a short spear of which he had a few. The charioteers wore occasionally scale armor, but many preferred broad leather bands crossed over the chest or carried a shield. Their torso was thus more or less protected, while the lower body was shielded by the chariot itself. The pharaohs often wore scale armour with inlaid semi-precious stones, which offered better protection, the stones being harder than the metal used for arrow tips. The principal weapon of the Egyptian army was the bow and arrow; it was transformed into a formidable weapon with the introduction by the Hyksos of the composite bow. These bows, combined with the war chariot, enabled the Egyptian army to attack quickly and from a distance. Other new technologies included the, which temple scenes show being presented to the king by the gods with a promise of victory, body and improved bronze casting; in the soldiers began wearing leather or cloth tunics with metal scale coverings. These changes also caused changes in the role of the military in Egyptian society, and so during the, the Egyptian military changed from levy troops into a firm organization of professional soldiers. Conquests of foreign territories, like Nubia, required a permanent force to be garrisoned abroad. The encounter with other powerful Near Eastern kingdoms like the, the, and later the and, made it necessary for the Egyptians to conduct campaigns far from home. Over 4,000 infantry of an army corps were organized into 20 companies between 200 and 250 men each. There were also companies of Libyans, Nubians, Canaanite and Sherdens who served in the Egyptian army. They were often described as mercenaries but they were most likely impressed prisoners who preferred the life of a soldier instead of slavery. Late Period Armies – 712-332 BC [ ] The next leap forwards came in the (712-332 BC), when mounted troops and weapons made of iron came into use. After the conquest by, Egypt was heavily and the main military force became the infantry. The ancient Egyptians were not great innovators in weapons technology, and most weapons technology innovation came from Eastern Asia and the Greek world. Military Organization [ ] As early as the (c.2686-2160 BC) used specific, with military hierarchy appearing in the (c.2055-1650 BC). By the (c.1550-1069 BC), the Egyptian military consisted of three major branches: the, the chariotry, and the. Soldiers of Egypt [ ] During the Egyptian conquest, the Pharaoh would divide his army into two parts, the North and the South. They would then be further divided into four more armies named after the Egyptian god’s Ra, Amen, Ptah, Sutekh (of all the armies the Pharaoh would align himself with Amen). From there he would pick a commander in chief, generally princes of the royal house who would then pick captains to enforce orders given down the chain of command. During war times, the commander in chief was given the job of selecting their captains, who were usually lower ranking princes of the royal house. They generally achieved these positions using tools of bribery and appealing to the interest courts. Another major factor of choosing both officers and captains was the degree of education they received; most officials were often times diplomatists with extensive educational backgrounds. Later, after receiving the official position, the divided armies would ally themselves with mercenaries who would be trained with them as one of their own but never a part of the native Egyptian military. Each regiment in the Egyptian army could have been identified by the weapon they carried: archers, lancers, spear men, and infantry. The lancers not only carried their long-range weapon, the lance, but also a dagger on their belt and a short-curved sword. Depicted in Egyptian art is a cane or wand type object that has been assigned to each fifth member in a group. This may indicate that the man carrying the cane or wand was in charge of a unit of men beside him (Girard). Military Standards A military standard is the code or sign used to signify a standard among a group of militarized individuals to show distinction from other groups but not from one another. This only became prevalent in armies that were large enough to require division to be better controlled. This recognized division started as early as the Unification period in Egypt in the Proto-dynastic period (Faulkner). The most common symbol in the Egyptian military history would be the semi-circular fan sitting on top of a large, long staff. This symbol represented the Egyptian naval fleet. During later centuries, such as the 18th century, it was the most common military standard symbol--particularly under the reign of Queen Hatshepsut. Another type of standard was the rectangular mounted on a long and large staff. The staff may have been decorated with ornaments such as ostrich feathers. Infantry [ ]. Leader riding a chariot holding a bow. Chariotry, the backbone of the Egyptian army, was introduced into ancient Egypt from at the end of the (c.1650-1550 BC) / the beginning of the New Kingdom (c.1550-1069 BC). Charioteers were drawn from the upper classes in Egypt. Chariots were generally used as a mobile platform from which to use, and were generally pulled by two horses and manned by two charioteers; a driver who carried a shield, and a man with a bow or javelin. Chariots also had infantry support. By the time of Qadesh, the chariot arm was at the height of its development. It was designed for speed and maeuverability, being lightweight and delicate in appearance. Its offensive power was in its capacity to rapidly turn, wheel and repeatedly charge, penetrating the enemy line and functioning as a mobile firing platform that afforded the fighting crewmen the opportunity to shoot many arrows from the composite bow. The chariot corps served as an independent arm but were attached to the infantry corps. At Qadesh, there were 25 vehicles per company. Many of the lighter vehicles were retained for scouting and communication duties. In combat, the chariots were deployed in troops of 10, squadrons of 50 and the larger unit was called the pedjet, commanded by an officer with the title 'Commander of a chariotry host' and numbering about 250 chariots. ‘Chariots are best defined as horse drawn vehicles with two spoked wheels that require their drivers and passengers to stand whilst in motion’ (Archer 1). Simply described, the chariot has been around for centuries in the near East not only showing the owners status in societies but also in times of war. This became the most predominate in the time of the 16th century when the chariot was introduced to the Egyptians during a war with the Hyksos army (Shulman). The chariot aided in many battles, they could be used in a multitude of ways from, a glorified product mover or transportation for soldiers to be moved to and from the battle fields in a ‘battle taxi’ type manor and a variety of other ways (Archer 2). A weapon that accompanied the soldiers and their passengers were objects such as the composite bows, arrows and a variety of other object such as spears and swords. The role of an archer was one of value when place on the back of a chariot, literally making this a target almost unable to hit due to the amount of movement. ‘Chariots were used to ferry bowmen to suitable firing positions, where they dismounted and fired their bows on foot, climbing back into their chariots and speeding away when threatened’ (Archer 6). One major usage of the chariot was to ram into the front lines of the enemy to scare them into breaking formation, giving the opp. Using army the opportunity to get behind their lines and start fighting. Due to the fact that war horses, although trained, still became scared. ‘Horses will not willingly charge into massed ranks of infantry, always preferring to pull up and stop just short of their lines regardless of the intentions of the riders and handlers’ (Archer 4). Even if the horse drawn chariot did follow through and attempt to break the enemy’s lines would have been a terrible idea if they were using the lighter Bronze Age type war chariots. The chariots proved themselves most useful on flat unbroken ground, this is where their speed and maneuvering capabilities were at their height. This did how ever become a thorn in the side of Egyptians during the eighth and ninth centuries when the battle between Egypt and Syria, Palestine Empire broke out, causing the Egyptian chariots to become virtually incapable of performing its intended duties due to the very nature of the landscape; mountainous and rocky. There are many theories as to how chariots aided in the rise and fall of Egypt, the most prominent of these was created by Robert Drews. He claims that chariots were responsible for the end of the Late Bronze Age. His claim is that the mercenaries in the area at this time spent a great amount of effort and time watching and learning the strength and weaknesses of the warfare styles of the Egyptian military to aid in the future rebellions they would hold to overthrow the government. Model of a fleet of Before the New Kingdom, the Egyptian military was mainly aquatic, and the high ranks were composed of elite middle-class Egyptians. Egyptian troops were transported by naval vessels as early as the Late Old Kingdom. By the later intermediate period, the navy was highly sophisticated and used complicated naval maneuvers, such as 's campaign against the in the harbor of (c.1555-1550 BC) There were two different types of ship in Ancient Egypt: the reed boat and the vessel made from large wooden planks. The planked ships created the naval fleet and gave it its fierce reputation. These early ships lacked an internal rib for support. Each boat had a designated section, generally under the main deck, where the slave rowers would sit. The steering oar was operated by one man. Projectile Weapons [ ] Projectile weapons were used by the ancient Egyptians as standoff artillery, used to weaken the enemy before an infantry assault. Slings, throw sticks, spears, and javelins were used, but the bow and arrow was the primary projectile weapon for most of Egypt's history. The Throw Stick [ ] The does appear to have been used to some extent during Egypt's predynastic period as a weapon, but it seems to have not been very effective for this purpose. Because of their simplicity, skilled infantry continued to use this weapon at least with some regularity through the end of the New Kingdom. It was used extensively for hunting fowl through much of Egypt's dynastic period. Most of the Egyptians were intent on using this weapon for it had a holy effect as well. The Spear [ ] The spear does not fit comfortably into either the close combat class or the projectile type of weapons. It could be either. During the Old and Middle Kingdom of Egypt's Dynastic period, it typically consisted of a pointed blade made of copper or flint that was attached to a long wooden shaft by a tang. Conventional spears were made for throwing or thrusting, but there was also a form of spear (halberd) which was fitted with an axe blade and thus used for cutting and slashing. The spear was used in Egypt since the earliest times for hunting larger animals, such as lions. In its form of javelin (throwing spears) it was replaced early on by the bow and arrow. Because of its greater weight, the spear was better at penetration than the arrow, but in a region where armor consisted mostly of shields, this was only a slight advantage. On the other hand, arrows were much easier to mass-produce. In war it never gained the importance among Egyptians which it was to have in classical Greece, where phalanxes of spear-carrying citizens fought each other. During the New Kingdom, it was often an auxiliary weapon of the charioteers, who were thus not left unarmed after spending all their arrows. It was also most useful in their hands when they chased down fleeing enemies stabbing them in their backs. Amenhotep II's victory at Shemesh-Edom in Canaan is described at Karnak. Egyptian archer on a chariot, from an ancient engraving at Thebes. The bow and arrow is one of ancient Egypt's most crucial weapons, used from Predynastic times through the Dynastic age and into the Christian and Islamic periods. The first bows were commonly 'horn bows', made by joining a pair of antelope horns with a central piece of wood. By the beginning of the Dynastic Period, bows were made of wood. They had a single curvature and were strung with animal sinews or strings made of plant fiber. In the pre-dynastic period, bows often had a double curvature, but during the Old Kingdom a single-arched bow, known as a self (or simple) bow, was adopted. These were used to fire reed arrows fletched with three feathers and tipped with flint or hardwood, and later, bronze. The bow itself was usually between one and two meters in length and made up of a wooden rod, narrowing at either end. Some of the longer self bows were strengthened at certain points by binding the wooden rod with cord. Drawing a single-arched bow was harder and one lost the advantage of draw-length double curvature provided. During the New Kingdom the composite bow came into use, having been introduced by the Asiatic Hyksos. Often these bows were not made in Egypt itself but imported from the Middle East, like other 'modern' weapons. The older, single-curved bow was not completely abandoned, however. For example, it would appear that Tuthmosis III and Amenhotep II continued to use these earlier-styled bows. A difficult weapon to use successfully, it demanded strength, dexterity and years of practice. The experienced archer chose his weapon with care. The Egyptian craftsmen never limited themselves to one type of wood, it was very common for them to be using woods both foreign and domestic to their lands. The handmade arrows we created using mature branches or twigs and in some rare cases some immature pieces of wood that would have its bark scraped off. Each arrow was built with consisted of a reed main shaft, with a wooden fore shift attached to the distal end. The arrow head was either attached or was already in place without the help of an outside stabilizer. The size of the arrows were.801 to.851 meters or 31.5 to 33.5 inches. There are four types of arrow that are further categorized under two groups: stone heads, which consisted of the chisel-ended and leaf shaped, and the wooden heads under which the pointed and blunt or flaring arrows have been categorized. The Composite Bow [ ] The achieved the greatest possible range with a bow as small and light as possible. The maximum draw length was that of the archer's arm. The bow, while unstrung, curved outward and was under an initial tension, dramatically increasing the draw weight. A simple wooden bow was no match for the composite bow in range or power. The wood had to be supported, otherwise it would break. This was achieved by adding horn to the belly of the bow (the part facing the archer) which would be compressed during the draw. Sinew was added to the back of the bow, to withstand the tension. All these layers were glued together and covered with birch bark. Composite bows needed more care than simple bows, and were much more difficult and expensive to produce. They were more vulnerable to moisture, requiring them to be covered. They had to be unstrung when not in use and re-strung for action, a feat which required not a little force and generally the help of a second person. As a result, they were not used as much as one might expect. The simple stave bow never disappeared from the battlefield, even in the New Kingdom. The simpler bows were used by the bulk of the archers, while the composite bows went first to the chariots, where their penetrative power was needed to pierce scale armor. The first arrow-heads were flint, which was replaced by bronze in the 2nd millennium. Arrow-heads were mostly made for piercing, having a sharp point. However, the arrow heads could vary considerably, and some were even blunt (probably used more for hunting small game). The Sling [ ] Hurling stones with a sling demanded little equipment or practice in order to be effective. Secondary to the bow and arrow in battle, the sling was rarely depicted. The first drawings date to the 20th century BC. Made of perishable materials, few ancient slings have survived. It relied on the impact the missile made and like most impact weapons was relegated to play a subsidiary role. In the hands of lightly armed skirmishers it was used to distract the attention of the enemy. One of its main advantages was the easy availability of ammunition in many locations. When lead became more widely available during the Late Period, sling bullets were cast. These were preferred to pebbles because of their greater weight which made them more effective. They often bore a mark. Notes and references [ ]. • Only after 664 BC are dates secure. See for details.. Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London. Retrieved 2008-03-25. • Dodson (2004) p. 46 • Clayton (1994) p. 217 • Healy, Mark (2005). Qadesh 1300 BC. London: Osprey. • ^ • Benson, Douglas S. “Ancient Egypt’s Warfare: A survey of armed conflict in the chronology of ancient Egypt, 1600 BC-30 BC”, Bookmasters Inc., Ashland, Ohio, 1995 • ^ • Grimal, Nicolas (1988). A History of Ancient Egypt. Librairie Arthéme Fayard. • Shaw, Ian (2000). The Oxford history of ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.. • ^ Tyldesley, Joyce A. “Egypt’s Golden Empire”, Headline Book Publishing, London, 2001. Helck'Ein indirekter Beleg fur die Benutzung des liechten Streitwagens in Agypten zu ende der 13 Dynastie', in JNES 37, pp. 337-40 • see Egyptian Archaeology 4, 1994 • see KMT 1:3 (1990), p. 5 • Healy, Mark (2005). Qadesh 1300 BC. London: Osprey. • • ^ • • • Healy, Mark (2005). Qadesh 1300 BC. London: Osprey. • Healy, Mark (2005). Qadesh 1300 BC. London: Osprey. • Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. TutanKhamun's Armies. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. P.60 • Faulkner, R. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. • Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. TutanKhamun's Armies. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. Pp.60-63 • Spangler, Anthony J. War in Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA: 2005. P.7 • Spangler, Anthony J. War in Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA: 2005. Pp.6-7 • Hornung, Erik. History of Ancient Egypt. Lorton, David. Cornell University Press, Ithica, New York: 1999. P.xvii • Allen, James; Hill, Marsha (October 2004).. Metropolitan Museum of Art. • Spangler, Anthony J. War in Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA: 2005. P.8 • Spangler, Anthony J. War in Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA: 2005. P.36 • Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. TutanKhamun's Armies. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. Pp.63-65 • Healy, Mark (2005). Qadesh 1300 BC. London: Osprey. • Archer, Robin (2010). 'Chariotry to Cavalry: Developments in the Early First Millennium'. History of Warfare. • Spangler, Anthony J. War in Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA: 2005. P.6 • Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. TutanKhamun's Armies. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. P.65 • Darnell, John Colemen; Menassa, Colleen. TutanKhamun's Armies. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New Jersey: 2007. Pp.65-66 • IV, William Walter Warwick.. • • Western, A. C.; McLeod, W. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. • Further reading [ ] • Schulman, Alan Richard (1957-01-01).. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 16 (4): 263–271. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 2 (4): 229–233.. External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • • • • • • •. 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